Log shipping is the process of automating the backup of transaction log files on a primary (production) database server, and then restoring them onto a standby server. This technique is supported by Microsoft SQL Server, 4D Server, MySQL, and PostgreSQL. Similar to replication, the primary purpose of log shipping is to increase database availability by maintaining a backup server that can replace a production server quickly. Other databases such as Adaptive Server Enterprise and Oracle Database support the technique but require the Database Administrator to write code or scripts to perform the work. Although the actual failover mechanism in log shipping is manual, this implementation is often chosen due to its low cost in human and server resources, and ease of implementation. In comparison, SQL server clusters enable automatic failover, but at the expense of much higher storage costs. Compared to database replication, log shipping does not provide as much in terms of reporting capabilities, but backs up system tables along with data tables, and locks the standby server from users' modifications. A replicated server can be modified (e.g. views) and is therefore unsuitable for failover purposes.
JustWatch
JustWatch is a website that provides information on the availability of films and TV shows on various streaming platforms such as Netflix, HBO Max, Disney+, Hulu, Peacock, Fandango at Home, Apple TV, and Amazon Prime Video, among others. It is also available as a mobile application and smart TV application. JustWatch provides a search engine that allows users to discover which digital platforms host a particular movie or TV series. As of November 2023, JustWatch is available to users in 139 countries. == Features == JustWatch functions as a search engine by aggregating information about the online availability of films and TV series from video-on-demand streaming services. It aggregates information from more than 100 video content libraries, as well providing information about video resolution quality, pricing, and purchase or rental options. The website includes various filters for searching, including genre, price, release date, rating, and popularity. Users are also able to create lists of shows and movies and to share these lists with other users. == History == JustWatch GmbH is an international database company that is privately held and headquartered in Berlin, Germany. The company specializes in the online availability of movies and TV series. In addition to its user-facing website, the company also has an advertising-focused arm, JustWatch Media, that works with corporate clients, using data about what people watch that it gleans from user behavior to help entertainment companies tailor their marketing strategies. Its clients include Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, and Sony Pictures, among others. Development of the website began in 2014, and it was launched in the U.S. and Germany in February 2015. In 2018, the company received funding to improve databases within the European Union. In December 2019, the company acquired a rival streaming aggregation service, GoWatchIt, from Plexus Entertainment. JustWatch also used the acquisition to open its first New York office. In 2019, JustWatch had over 30 million users across 38 countries. By 2020, the company's streaming aggregation service was available in over 45 countries. By November 2023, it was available in 139 countries, and had over 40 million monthly users. === Founding === JustWatch was co-founded in 2013 by David Croyé, Cristoph Hoyer, Kevin Hiller, Dominik Raute, Ingke Weimert, and Michael Wilken. In a company blog post from February 2017, Croyé described the group of co-founders as all having previously "worked in leading roles at successful international tech-startups in Berlin." Croyé, who currently holds the title of CEO at JustWatch GmbH, had previously worked as the chief marketing officer at kaufDA, a European location-based mobile coupon and promotion service, and the background of other co-founders included time at the adtech company Trademob and the streaming site MyVideo. Startup capital for the website initially came from the founders themselves. Croyé in particular was able to reinvest funds he had obtained from the sale of kaufDA to Axel Springer, a European media company, in March 2011. Since 2015, the company has had at least one additional round of seed funding, with investors including venture capital groups CG Partners and STS Ventures.
Open Neural Network Exchange
The Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX) [ˈɒnɪks] is an open-source artificial intelligence ecosystem of technology companies and research organizations that establish open standards for representing machine learning algorithms and software tools to enable a standard format for representing machine learning models. ONNX is available on GitHub. == History == ONNX was originally named Toffee and was developed by the PyTorch team at Facebook. In September 2017 it was renamed to ONNX and announced by Facebook and Microsoft. Later, IBM, Huawei, Intel, AMD, Arm and Qualcomm announced support for the initiative. In October 2017, Microsoft announced that it would add its Cognitive Toolkit and Project Brainwave platform to the initiative. In November 2019 ONNX was accepted as graduate project in Linux Foundation AI. In October 2020 Zetane Systems became a member of the ONNX ecosystem. == Intent == The initiative targets: === Framework interoperability === Enable developers to move machine learning models between different frameworks, which may be used at different stages of the development process, such as training, architecture design, or deployment on mobile devices. === Shared optimization === Provide a common representation that can be used by hardware vendors and other developers to apply optimizations to artificial neural network models across multiple machine learning frameworks. == Contents == ONNX provides definitions of an extensible computation graph model, built-in operators and standard data types, focused on inferencing (evaluation).. The container format is Protocol Buffers. Each computation dataflow graph is a list of nodes that form an acyclic graph. Nodes have inputs and outputs. Each node is a call to an operator. Metadata documents the graph. Built-in operators are to be available on each ONNX-supporting framework. ONNX models can be trained in a single framework, such as PyTorch or TensorFlow, and then exported to ONNX. This format allows models to be transferred from the training framework to other environments for testing or deployment. Once a model is in ONNX format, it can be executed in different runtime systems or on various hardware platforms, such as GPUs or specialized AI accelerators. Using a common format enables the same model representation to be used across multiple systems and frameworks.
ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health
The ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health (AI for Health) was an inter-agency collaboration from 2018 between the World Health Organization and the ITU, which in 2019 created a benchmarking framework to assess the accuracy of AI in health. The organization convened an international network of experts and stakeholders from fields like research, practice, regulation, ethics, public health, etc, that developed guideline documentation and code. The documents have addressed ethics, assessment/evaluation, handling, and regulation of AI for health solutions, covering specific use cases including AI in ophthalmology, histopathology, dentistry, malaria detection, radiology, symptom checker applications, etc. FG-AI4H has established an ad hoc group concerned with digital technologies for health emergencies, including COVID-19. All documentation is public. The idea for the Focus Group came out of the Health Track of the 2018 AI for Good Global Summit. Administratively, FG-AI4H was created by ITU-T Study Group 16. Under ITU-T's framework, participation in Focus Groups is open to anyone from an ITU Member State. The secretariat is provided by the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (under Director Chaesub Lee). It was first created at the July 2018 meeting with a lifetime of two years, at the July 2020 meeting, this was extended for another two years, where the focus group also submitted its deliverables to its parent body. It was also presented at the NeurIPS 2020 health workshop. In July 2023 "the work was grandfathered in the Global Initiative on AI for Health (GI-AI4H)". == AI for Health Framework == The outline of the benchmarking framework was published in a 2019 commentary in The Lancet. The output of the Focus Group AI for Health were structured in the AI for Health Framework. Depending on their primary domain being health or ICT, the individual components of the AI for Health Framework were ratified by the corresponding United Nations Specialized Agency, as WHO Guidelines and ITU Recommendations respectively. Standards drawn up by FG-AI4H were titled as: AI4H ethics considerations AI4H regulatory [best practices | considerations] AI4H requirements specification AI software life cycle specification Data specification AI training best practices specification AI4H evaluation considerations AI4H scale-up and adoption AI4H applications and platforms Use cases of the ITU-WHO Focus Group on AI for Health
WYSIWYM (interaction technique)
What you see is what you meant (WYSIWYM) is a text editing interaction technique that emerged from two projects at University of Brighton. It allows users to create abstract knowledge representations such as those required by the Semantic Web using a natural language interface. Natural language understanding (NLU) technology is not employed. Instead, natural language generation (NLG) is used in a highly interactive manner. The text editor accepts repeated refinement of a selected span of text as it becomes progressively less vacuous of authored semantics. Using a mouse, a text property held in the evolving text can be further refined by a set of options derived by NLG from a built-in ontology. An invisible representation of the semantic knowledge is created which can be used for multilingual document generation, formal knowledge formation, or any other task that requires formally specified information. The two projects at Brighton worked in the field of Conceptual Authoring to lay a foundation for further research and development of a Semantic Web Authoring Tool (SWAT). This tool has been further explored as a means for developing a knowledge base by those without prior experience with Controlled Natural Language tools.
List of C software and tools
This is a list of software and programming tools for the C programming language, including libraries, debuggers, compilers, integrated development environments (IDEs), and other related development tools and utilities. == Libraries and tools == Adns — asynchronous DNS resolver library Advanced Linux Sound Architecture — API for sound card device drivers Allegro — cross-platform software library for video game development Apache Portable Runtime — Apache web server tool set of APIs that map to the underlying operating system Argon2 — memory-hard password hashing library Berkeley DB — embedded database software library for key/value data Binary File Descriptor library — binary file manipulation library in the GNU toolchain Boehm garbage collector – conservative garbage collector Borland Graphics Interface — graphics library for Borland compilers BSAFE — FIPS 140-2 validated cryptography library Chipmunk — 2D real-time rigid body physics engine C POSIX library — specification of a C standard library for POSIX systems C standard library – standard library for the C programming language Cairo – vector graphics library API for software developers CFD General Notation System (CGNS) — data format and library for computational fluid dynamics cJSON — lightweight JSON parser CLIPS — public-domain software tool for building expert systems Core Audio — low-level API for dealing with sound in Apple's macOS and iOS operating systems Core Foundation — API for macOS and iOS and other Apple operating systems Core Image — GPU accelerated image processing technology for Apple operating systems with Quartz graphics rendering layer. Core Text — text layout and font rendering API for macOS and iOS. Cryptlib — portable cryptography library cURL / libcurl — CLI app for uploading and downloading individual files, such as a URL from a web server over HTTP. DevIL — cross-platform image library for loading and converting file formats DirectFB — graphics acceleration and input device handling library Dld — dynamic loading library Expat — stream-oriented XML 1.0 parser library, written in C99. FFmpeg — multimedia framework for audio/video processing Fontconfig — font customization and configuration library FreeTDS — database library for Sybase and Microsoft SQL Server FreeType — render text onto bitmaps with a font rasterization engine GD Graphics Library — image creation and manipulation library GDK — graphics abstraction layer for GTK GEGL — graph-based image processing framework GIO — I/O and virtual file system library in GLib GLib — utility library providing data structures, event loops, and portability functions. glibc — GNU implementation of the C standard library GLFW — library for OpenGL contexts, windows, and input device handling GNet — networking library for GLib GNU Libtool — Library management tool GNU portability library — collection of portability routines for GNU software GNU Portable Threads — POSIX/ANSI-C based user space thread library for UNIX for scheduling multithreading GNU Readline — command-line editing library GnuTLS — secure communications (TLS/SSL) library GObject — object system library for GNOME GTK — widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK) — scene graph and rendering toolkit for GTK HDF — file format and library for managing large datasets Integrated Performance Primitives — Intel library of optimized multimedia and data processing routines IUP — portable GUI toolkit J2K-Codec — JPEG 2000 image codec JasPer — reference implementation of the codec specified in the JPEG-2000 Part-1 standard LDAP API — API for interacting with Lightweight Directory Access Protocol LZO — lossless compression library Liba52 — decoder for A/52 (AC-3) audio streams libarchive — reading and writing various archive and compression formats Libart — 2D graphics library Libavcodec — codec library from FFmpeg Libavdevice — library for handling multimedia devices Libavfilter — audio and video filter library Libavformat — library for muxing and demuxing multimedia Libpcap — packet capture library Libdca — decoder for DTS audio Libdvdcss — access to encrypted DVD-Video discs libevent — asynchronous event notification callbacks libffi — foreign function interface libfuse — userspace filesystem Libgegl — programming interface to GEGL image processing libgcrypt — cryptography Libgimp — plug-in development library for GIMP Libhybris — compatibility layer for running Android libraries on Linux Libinput — input device library for Wayland and X.Org libjpeg — JPEG image library libLAS — reading and writing geospatial data encoded in the ASPRS laser (LAS) file format libmicrohttpd — small C library for embedding HTTP server functionality Libmpcodecs — media player codec library from MPlayer Libmpdemux — demultiplexing library from MPlayer libpng — PNG image format Libpostproc — video post-processing library from FFmpeg libpq — PostgreSQL client LibreSSL — fork of OpenSSL for TLS Librsb — parallel library for sparse matrix computations Librsvg — SVG rendering library libsndfile — reading and writing audio files libsodium — easy-to-use cryptography library Libswscale — image scaling and colorspace conversion library LibTIFF — TIFF image handling library Libusb — USB device access library Libuv — asynchronous I/O and event loop library LibVLC — media player engine from VLC LibVNCServer — implementation of the VNC server protocol Libvpx — VP8 and VP9 video codec library Libwww — early World Wide Web protocol library from W3C libxml2 — XML parsing Libxslt — XSLT library for the GNOME Project libzip — ZIP archives Lightning Memory-Mapped Database — fast key–value database engine LittleCMS — open-source color management system LZ4 — fast lossless compression algorithm LZFSE — compression library developed by Apple MatrixSSL — lightweight TLS implementation Mbed TLS — portable cryptography and TLS library MediaLib — Sun Microsystems library for multimedia processing Mesa — OpenGL and Vulkan graphics library Microwindows — small windowing system for embedded devices Ming — library for generating SWF (Flash) files Mongoose — embedded web server and networking library Mpg123 — MP3 audio decoding library MPIR — multiple-precision arithmetic library MsQuic — Microsoft implementation of the QUIC transport protocol MuJoCo — physics engine for robotics and control Mustache — logic-less templating library Ncurses — terminal control library Nettle — low-level cryptography library Newt — text-based user interface library Netpbm — graphics conversion and processing library Nghttp2 — implementation of the HTTP/2 protocol Oniguruma — regular expression library Open Asset Import Library — library to import/export 3D model formats OpenCL — parallel computing API/library OpenCV — computer vision OpenGL — API for rendering 2D and 3D vector graphics OpenGL Utility Library — OpenGL utility functions OpenJPEG — JPEG 2000 image codec OpenSSL — SSL and TLS protocols and cryptography library Pango — layout engine library which works with the HarfBuzz shaping engine for displaying multi-language text perf (Linux) — performance analyzing tool PCRE — regular expression library PROJ — library for map projections and coordinate transforms Quartz 2D — 2D graphics rendering API for macOS and iOS platforms, part of the Core Graphics framework. Raylib — simple library for games and multimedia Redland RDF Application Framework — RDF data storage library S2n-tls — TLS implementation from AWS Setcontext — context switching library functions SDL — Simple DirectMedia Layer systemd — system and service manager libraries for Linux Tk — GUI widgets for building graphical user interfaces VDPAU — video decoding acceleration API Vorbis — audio compression codec library VTD-XML — high-performance XML parser Wimlib — library for handling Windows Imaging Format disk images Windows.h — base Windows API header file WolfSSH — lightweight SSH library WolfSSL — lightweight SSL/TLS library X Toolkit Intrinsics — toolkit library for the X Window System x264 — H.264 video codec library XCB — C binding for the X Window System protocol Xft — font rendering library using FreeType Xlib — low-level X Window System API XMDF — eXtensible Model Data Format for scientific data XMLStarlet — XML command-line toolkit zlib — data compression Zopfli — data compression library that performs deflate, gzip and zlib data encoding. Zstd — fast data compression library == Integrated development environments == Anjuta — GNOME IDE CLion — cross-platform commercial IDE from JetBrains Code::Blocks — cross-platform open-source IDE CodeLite — open-source IDE Dev-C++ Eclipse CDT Geany — text editor with IDE features KDevelop — KDE IDE NetBeans Qt Creator SlickEdit Visual Studio Xcode === Online IDEs === CodeSandbox — online IDE primarily for web development with some C support via containers GitHub Codespaces — cloud-based online IDE developed by GitHub Google Cloud Shell — browser-based shell and editor that can comp
Minimum information standard
Minimum information standards are sets of guidelines and formats for reporting data derived by specific high-throughput methods. Their purpose is to ensure the data generated by these methods can be easily verified, analysed and interpreted by the wider scientific community. Ultimately, they facilitate the transfer of data from journal articles (unstructured data) into databases (structured data) in a form that enables data to be mined across multiple data sets. Minimal information standards are available for a vast variety of experiment types including microarray (MIAME), RNAseq (MINSEQE), metabolomics (MSI) and proteomics (MIAPE). Minimum information standards typically have two parts. Firstly, there is a set of reporting requirements – typically presented as a table or a checklist. Secondly, there is a data format. Information about an experiment needs to be converted into the appropriate data format for it to be submitted to the relevant database. In the case of MIAME, the data format is provided in spreadsheet format (MAGE-TAB). Some of the communities that maintain minimum information standards also provide tools to help experimental researchers to annotate their data. == MI Standards == The individual minimum information standards are brought by the communities of cross-disciplinary specialists focused on the problematic of the specific method used in experimental biology. The standards then provide specifications what information about the experiments (metadata) is crucial and important to be reported together with the resultant data to make it comprehensive. The need for this standardization is largely driven by the development of high-throughput experimental methods that provide tremendous amounts of data. The development of minimum information standards of different methods is since 2008 being harmonized by "Minimum Information about a Biomedical or Biological Investigation" (MIBBI) project. === MIAPPE, Minimum Information About a Plant Phenotyping Experiment === MIAPPE is an open, community driven project to harmonize data from plant phenotyping experiments. MIAPPE comprises both a conceptual checklist of metadata required to adequately describe a plant phenotyping experiment. === MIQE, Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments === Published in 2009 these guidelines for the basis of requirements by many journals when submitting QPCR data, sadly they are not adhered to enough. === MIAME, gene expression microarray === Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment (MIAME) describes the Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment that is needed to enable the interpretation of the results of the experiment unambiguously and potentially to reproduce the experiment and is aimed at facilitating the dissemination of data from microarray experiments. It was published by the FGED Society in 2001 and was the first published minimum information standard for high-throughput experiments in the life sciences. MIAME contains a number of extensions to cover specific biological domains, including MIAME-env, MIAME-nut and MIAME-tox, covering environmental genomics, nutritional genomics and toxogenomics, respectively. === MINI: Minimum Information about a Neuroscience Investigation === ==== MINI: Electrophysiology ==== Electrophysiology is a technology used to study the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. Electrophysiology typically involves the measurements of voltage change or electric current flow on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole tissues. This document is a single module, as part of the Minimum Information about a Neuroscience investigation (MINI) family of reporting guideline documents, produced by community consultation and continually available for public comment. A MINI module represents the minimum information that should be reported about a dataset to facilitate computational access and analysis to allow a reader to interpret and critically evaluate the processes performed and the conclusions reached, and to support their experimental corroboration. In practice a MINI module comprises a checklist of information that should be provided (for example about the protocols employed) when a data set is described for publication. The full specification of the MINI module can be found here. === MIARE, RNAi experiment === Minimum Information About an RNAi Experiment (MIARE) is a data reporting guideline which describes the minimum information that should be reported about an RNAi experiment to enable the unambiguous interpretation and reproduction of the results. === MIACA, cell based assay === Advances in genomics and functional genomics have enabled large-scale analyses of gene and protein function by means of high-throughput cell biological analyses. Thereby, cells in culture can be perturbed in vitro and the induced effects recorded and analyzed. Perturbations can be triggered in several ways, for instance with molecules (siRNAs, expression constructs, small chemical compounds, ligands for receptors, etc.), through environmental stresses (such as temperature shift, serum starvation, oxygen deprivation, etc.), or combinations thereof. The cellular responses to such perturbations are analyzed in order to identify molecular events in the biological processes addressed and understand biological principles. We propose the Minimum Information About a Cellular Assay (MIACA) for reporting a cellular assay, and CA-OM, the modular cellular assay object model, to facilitate exchange of data and accompanying information, and to compare and integrate data that originate from different, albeit complementary approaches, and to elucidate higher order principles. Documents describing MIACA are available and provide further information as well as the checklist of terms that should be reported. === MIAPE, proteomic experiments === The Minimum Information About a Proteomic Experiment documents describe information which should be given along with a proteomic experiment. The parent document describes the processes and principles underpinning the development of a series of domain specific documents which now cover all aspects of a MS-based proteomics workflow. === MIMIx, molecular interactions === This document has been developed and maintained by the Molecular Interaction worktrack of the HUPO-PSI (www.psidev.info) and describes the Minimum Information about a Molecular Interaction experiment. === MIAPAR, protein affinity reagents === The Minimum Information About a Protein Affinity Reagent has been developed and maintained by the Molecular Interaction worktrack of the HUPO-PSI (www.psidev.info)in conjunction with the HUPO Antibody Initiative and a European consortium of binder producers and seeks to encourage users to improve their description of binding reagents, such as antibodies, used in the process of protein identification. === MIABE, bioactive entities === The Minimum Information About a Bioactive Entity was produced by representatives from both large pharma and academia who are looking to improve the description of usually small molecules which bind to, and potentially modulate the activity of, specific targets in a living organism. This document encompasses drug-like molecules as well as herbicides, pesticides and food additives. It is primarily maintained through the EMBL-EBI Industry program (www.ebi.ac.uk/industry). === MIGS/MIMS, genome/metagenome sequences === This specification is being developed by the Genomic Standards Consortium === MIFlowCyt, flow cytometry === === Minimum Information about a Flow Cytometry Experiment === The Minimum Information about a Flow Cytometry Experiment (MIFlowCyt) is a standard related to flow cytometry which establishes criteria to record information on experimental overview, samples, instrumentation and data analysis. It promotes consistent annotation of clinical, biological and technical issues surrounding a flow cytometry experiment. === MINDR, dual gene expression reporters === Requires (1) reporting absolute values of reporter readouts, (2) list of positive and negative controls, and (3) sequences of all reporter constructs. === MISFISHIE, In Situ Hybridization and Immunohistochemistry Experiments === === MIAPA, Phylogenetic Analysis === Criteria for Minimum Information About a Phylogenetic Analysis were described in 2006. === MIRAGE, Glycomics === The MIRAGE project is supported and coordinated by the Beilstein-Institut to establish guidelines for data handling and processing in glycomics research [1] === MIAO, ORF === === MIAMET, METabolomics experiment === === MIAFGE, Functional Genomics Experiment === === MIRIAM, Minimum Information Required in the Annotation of Models === The Minimal Information Required In the Annotation of Models (MIRIAM), is a set of rules for the curation and annotation of quantitative models of biological systems. === MIASE, Minimum Information About a Simulation Experiment =